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THE SPALDING
RESEARCH PROJECT |
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Dale R. Broadhurst's "Spalding Papers"
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Paper 12 - Part IIIf
Commentary on M. D. Bown's
Book of Mormon / Spalding MS Parallels
Numbers 79-99
Revision 0a: September, 1998
Editorial and Bibliographic Information
Go Back to Intoduction & Index [ pp. 01 to 06 ]
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ITEMIZED LIST OF PRESUMED SIMILARITIES Between Spaulding's "Manuscript Story" and the Book of Mormon Specific and single similarities have been isolated, listed separately, and numbered, with the paralleling citations from each work following. Whenever possible, direct quotations have been made. Only when necessary has discussion been utilized, and here care has been taken that the duplicating references are amply and accurately recorded -- but even so, errors no doubt will appear. This method of listing parallels is cumbersome perhaps, and has involved exceeding labor in preparation; but it seems to have the merit of providing direct comparison between the two works with a minimum of vagueness. "MS" refers to Solomon Spaulding's "Manuscript Story," the edition used being published at the Millennial Star Office, Liverpool, England, 1910, 116 pages. "BM" refers to the BOOK OF MORMON, and the edition used was published by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Salt Lake City, 1920, 522pp. Please Read These Notes First: 1. All additions to Bown's original paper are shown in blue. 2. Commentary here as a summary; For full commentary follow the links. 3. The Commentator's Personal Ratings of Bown's Parallels: * poor parallel or not a parallel: should have been dropped Some On-line Textual Resources: 1. Search the Book of Mormon: LDS and RLDS texts (side-by-side scrolling comparison) 2. Search the Book of Mormon: Current LDS edition (includes phrase search) 3. Search the Book of Mormon: 1830 edition (includes concordance functions) 4. Search the Spalding MS: Special e-text version (includes concordance functions) 5. Search the Spalding MS: Special e-text (side-by-side with 1830 Book of Alma) 6. Search the Spalding MS: LDS 1910 edition (the edition used in Bown's citations) 7. Read Holley's book: Book of Mormon: A Closer Look (Spalding / BoM Comparisons) 8. Search the Bible: King James version (includes Apocrypha & concordance functions) 9. Search Ethan Smith's Book: View of the Hebrews (includes concordance functions) |
Go Back to: Parallels 01-14 [ pp. 07 to 11 ]
Go Back to: Parallels 15-24 [ pp. 12 to 15 ]
Go Back to: Parallels 25-47 [ pp. 15 to 22 ]
Go Back to: Parallels 48-59 [ pp. 22 to 26 ]
Go Back to: Parallels 60-78 [ pp. 27 to 34 ]
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79. There were two dominent, but contrasting races or tribes. MS -- The "Deliwares" or "Deliwans" who were first encountered by the Roman party are depicted as essentially savage, bearing many characteristics of true Indians that have actually lived in the Great Lakes region, made familiar by James Fenimore Cooper in his novels. A relatively civilized people lived father south, the "Ohons" or "Ohians," and these are entirely fictional. Later in the story the "Sciotans" and "Kentucks" appear as a tribal dichotomy -- and the relationship of these people to others are exceedingly vague. The Sciotans seem to [have] included the Ohons, while the Kentucks appear as a newly mentioned and distinctive race. Cf. pp. 10-11, 20-21, 47, especially. BM -- Here the Lamanites are generally depicted as the more savage tribe, although they eventually appear to approach and even better the Nephites in culture and the like. On the other hand, the Nephites appear, up to the end of the story, as the more highly civilized group, more favored of the Lord, so to speak, and the historical (or fictional) features of the work mainly concern these two tribes and their continued warfare. Comment summary on item #79: * Spalding's Ohians were a single race, divided into two nations: The Sciotans and the Kentucks. They are not tribes, though at one point they began to include within their midst "the various tribes living contiguous to the empire." The "dichotomy" evident among the two Ohian nations has only fragmentary commonalties with the "dichotomy" that separated the Nephites from the Lamanites. And the "dichotomy" evident between the Ohians and neighboring tribes like the Deliwan has even a weaker commonality with the relationship in place between the Nephites and Lamanites. The Book of Mormon relationship that most closely matches that of the Ohians is the division which developed among the Jaredites. However, neither the Ohian nor the Jaredite division could be described as comprising "two dominent, but contrasting races." (more comments on item #79) 80. Some of the people were dark, others lighter. MS -- Among the tribes, the Deliwans were darkest, with "complections of a brownish hue" (p. 11), while the Ohons had a complexion "bordering on an olive tho' of a lighter shade" (p. 21). Lobaska was whiter than the Ohons, as were his wife and sons( p. 32). The Roman voyagers, headed by Fabius, were white, and although they intermarried with natives, nothing is further said of them. BM -- "And the skins of the Lamanites were dark, according to the mark which was set upon their fathers" (Alma 3:6), while the Nephites had white skins (3 Nephi 5:21). Lamanites "converted unto the Lord" had their "curse" taken from them "and their skin became white like unto the Nephites" (3 Nephi 2:15). Comment summary on item #80: ** In Spalding's day the extinct mound-builders were generally thought of as having originally been light-skinned people from the Old World. Spalding indulged in this same racism when he provided his fictional Ohians with a light "olive" skin, and his equally fictional family of Lobaska with even lighter skins. Presumably Spalding gave his Romans, the culturally superior group in the story, the whitest skins of all. The Book of Mormon does not state the exact skin coloration of Lehi's descendants and Bown's 3 Nephi citations are useless in making such a determination. Exactly what divine curse was placed upon the Lamanites and how it affected their skin coloration may never be known. Perhaps, when they "united with the Nephites" their adoption of Nephite diet, sanitation, apparel, cosmetics, etc. became evident in the appearance of their skin. Having said this, I must admit that many readers of the Book of Mormon would picture the same dark skins and light skins that Bown felt he had found in the story of the "cursed" Lamanites. (more comments on item #80) 81. The people had a great leader with four sons. MS -- Lobaska (or Baska) is the great leader in Spaulding's story. He introduced writing, changed the religion of the people, wrote their constitutions, built a flying machine, and was generally the guiding spirit in building the Sciotans and Kentucks into great power. He had four sons: Labarmock or Labamack, Hamback, Lambon, and Kato (p. 33). BM -- Lehi had four sons: Laman, Lemuel, Sam, and Nephi (1 Nephi 2:5). Mosiah, leader of a great Nephite migration, and king of the united peoples of Zarahemla and Nephi, also had four sons: Ammon, Aaron, Omner, and Himni (Mosiah 27:34). Jared, founder and king of the Jaredites, likewise had four sons: Jacom, Gilgah, Mahah, and Orihah (Ether 6:14). Comment summary on item #81: **** Bown presents an unusual numerical parallel, but he provides almost nothing to elucidate that peculiarity. He might have noted that the vocabulary both accounts use to relate these familial relationships is quite similar. This is especially true for the parallel phraseology describing sons and fathers in the two works. Other than their both being patriarchs who came to the New World from distant lands, Lobaska has little in common with Lehi. The better counterpart for him would be Alma. However, Alma had only two sons and Lobaska had four. (more comments on item #81) 82. Two of the sons became leaders of opposing tribes. MS -- "At the head of this empire (Sciota) shall be placed with the title of Emperor Labarmock the oldest son of Lobaska" (p. 43). Lobaska's second son, Hamback, became ruler of Kentuck shortly afterwards (p. 46). After a long period of peace these two peoples became embroiled in a war, the story of which occupies at least a quarter of the work and is unfinished, breaking off suddenly in the midst of battle. BM -- Laman became leader of the people commonly called the Lamanites, and Nephi was first of the Nephites. Opposition between the two brothers seems to have persisted from earliest Jerusalem days, eventually culminating in the wars of their descendants. Comment summary on item #82: **** Bown's observation here is a good one. Lobaska's two oldest sons became the civil leaders of the two divisions of Ohians and his two younger sons become their religious leaders. In the case of Lehi, it was his oldest and youngest sons who became opposing leaders. This Laman-Nephi rivalry, so important to the Lehite story, is missing from the account of Lobaska's sons. While the two factions mentioned in each account were not exactly "opposing tribes," they did eventually engage in the same kind of warfare (see Bown's item #88). (more comments on item #82) 83. The people obtained inspiration from heaven.. I have moved Bown's item #83 to a new place in the list, following his item #74. 84. Men of one of the tribes painted their heads with red. MS-- Among the Deliwans "one half of the head of the men was . . . painted with red . . . (p. 11). BM -- "And the Amlicites were distinguished from the Nephites, for they had marked themselves with red in their foreheads after the manner of the Lamanites" (Alma 3:4). Cf. also Alma 3:13. Comment summary on item #84: ** If both the Amlicites and Lamanites marked their foreheads, did the Lamanites also do so in red paint, or did they use some other color? The best we can say here is that some men in each story applied some red paint to their heads under what appear to be entirely different circumstances. (more comments on item #84) 85. Men of one tribe shaved their heads. MS -- The Deliwans customarily shaved one-half of their heads painting the bare scalp and affixing feathers in the remaining hair (p. 11). BM -- "And it came to pass that they (the Lamanites) came up upon the north of the land of Shilom . . . and they had their heads shaved that they were naked" (Mosiah 10:8). Cf. also Alma 3:5; 3 Nephi 4:7. Comment summary on item #85: ** This parallel is marginally stronger than Bown's previous attempt at comparing Deliwan and Lamanite warriors. But we must ask questions about when, how often, for how long, and under what circumstances the Lamanites shaved their heads. When they did so, did they leave a scalp-lock (similar to the Deliwan half-shaved heads?) or was the entire head made "naked?" (more comments on item #85) 86. Men of one tribe dressed in the skins of wild animals. MS -- Among the Deliwans " . . . their cloathing consisted of skins dressed with the hair on -- but in warm weather, only the middle part of their bodies were incumbered with any covering" (p. 11). BM -- "Now the army of Zerahemnah (Lamanites) . . . were naked, save it were a skin which was girded about their loins . . ." (Alma 43:20). "Now the leaders of the Lamanites . . . had also prepared themselves with garments of skins, yea, very thick garments to cover their nakedness" (Alma 49:6). Cf. also Enos 20. Alma 3:5, 3 Nephi 4:7. Comment summary on item #86: *** Both the Deliwan and the Lamanites wore garments made of skins and sometimes those skins covered only their mid-sections. We do not know whether the Lamanites left the hair on their leather clothing, as did the Deliwan. (more comments on item #86) 87. Preparation for war was a constant occupation. MS -- "When the two Empires of Sciota & Kentuck had commenced that new career . . . they adopted this as a true maxim, that to avoid war it was necessary to be in constant preparation for it" (p. 47). BM -- "And behold, I had employed my people, the Nephites, in preparing their lands and their arms against the time of battle" (Mormon 3:1). "And now it came to pass that Moroni did not stop making preparations for war . . ." (Alma 50:1). Cf. also Mosiah 20:8; Alma 24:30; etc. Comment summary on item #87: *** The peoples in both stories experienced times of war and times of peace, but they never entirely lost their military knowledge and skills. The "constant preparation" for possible warfare went on throughout Ohian history. Except for periods of peace and military inactivity, the Lamanites also kept up a warlike spirit and capability to go into battle, it seems, almost at a moment's notice. The Nephites, on the other hand, not always so united and prepared for immediate battle. (more comments on item #87) 88. There were wars between two factions. MS -- The first war between the Sciotans and the Kentucks was followed by 490 years of peace, chiefly through the efforts of Lobaska at an early period. This long peace was terminated by an outbreak of hostilities between the two factions which endures during the last quarter of the story, and was still raging when the story abruptly terminates. Other tribes were involved. BM -- There is an astonishing frequency of massacres, battles, and wars recorded in this work. Peace never seemed to have continued for long. Commonly the Lamanites are opposed by the Nephites, although other tribes were involved as well. The last great battle between the Lamanites and Nephites is related in Mormon, cf. esp. Chapter 6. Comment summary on item #88: *** Bown could have explored the material he cites for this parallel in much greater depth. Had he done so, he might have divided his observation into two parts: There were "frequent bickerings, contentions and wars" within the ranks of the Ohian people and there was a special history of contention between the Sciotans and Kentucks which eventually gave rise to their great war. In the Book of Mormon, on the other hand, we have rather detailed accounts of massacres, battles, and wars that took place more frequently during their history. The wars narratives in the two accounts are good places to look for parallels in theme, vocabulary, and phraseology. Although The Book of Mormon warriors and Spalding's warriors did not fight exactly the same wars, the stories of their conflicts often sound remarkably similar. (more comments on item #88) 89. The last war was to be one of extermination. MS -- "The extermination of the Kentucks appeared to be their (Sciotans) object" (p. 97). But the Kentucks eventually turned the tide of battle in their own favor and pursued the relentless extermination policy of the Sciotans. Such appears to be the author's objective, but the manuscript comes to an end as the decimated Kentucks "were all anxious for an immediate battle" (p. 113). This is the last sentence in the published story. BM -- The Lamanites appear to have destroyed all the Nephites save Mormon and twenty-four others who were with him, "and also a few who had escaped into the south countries." (Mormon 6:15). In the great internecine war among the Jaredites every living person was eventually slain save the leaders of the opposing factions, Shiz and Coriantumr. Finally Shiz fainted from loss of blood, "and it came to pass that when Coriantumr had leaned upon his sword, that he rested a little, he smote off the head of Shiz" (Ether 15:30). This left Coriantumr alone in all the land, but he too shortly "fell to the earth, and became as if he had no life" (Ether 15:32).15 Comment summary on item #89: **** The Jaredite wars and the Nephite vs. Lamanite wars both eventually became genocidal struggles. But the Book of Mormon writers never use the word "extermination." The Book of Mormon word of choice for the genocide is "extinct" or "extinction." This comes as a natural consequence of the people's failure to maintain a correct relationship with their God, but not because some ruling faction demands that outcome in a war. However, in Spalding's tale, it is the Emperor who demands that the Sciotans "exterminate, without distinction of age or sex, all the inhabitants of the Empire of Kentuck." (more comments on item #89) 90. Armies of huge size were assembled. MS -- The army of the Kentucks numbered one hundred and fifty thousand men (p. 86). When all the armies were assembled "near three hundred thousand spears were glittering with the reflection of the sun beams" (p. 90). BM -- There were at least 230 thousand soldiers in the army of the Nephites mentioned by Mormon, in their last battle against the Lamanites (Mormon 6:11-15). Armies of 30,000 and 50,000 were common (Cf. Mormon 2:25, etc.). "Thousands" and "Tens of thousands" frequently occurs. Comment summary on item #90: **** The total number of Ohians fighting in the great war of extermination might have been something like three hundred thousand. We do not know how many Lamanites fought at the battle of Cumorah, but it would be safe to say that their numbers, combined with those of the Nephites, would fall into the same general numeric range as the count of all the combatants at Spalding's "battle of Geheno." We could easily supplement this numeric parallel with sub-parallels based upon how these vast numbers of warriors engage one another in battle, what common phraseology is used in both accounts to describe the groups of warriors, etc. (more comments on item #90) 91. They were armed with swords and with bows and arrows. MS -- "Each man had a sword by his side & a spear in his hand" (p. 84). Their forts were built in such a manner that "They could shoot their arrows against an Enimy" (p. 54). BM -- The Nephites armed themselves with swords, and with cimeters, and with bows, and with arrows, and with stones, and with slings, etc. (Alma 2:12). Cf. also Mosiah 9:16, etc. Comment summary on item #91: *** The Book of Mormon's "weapons of war" and Spalding's "weapons of death" are essentially the same. The more civilized peoples had iron or steel swords, spears, etc. The tribal peoples in both accounts are the ones who appear to have made the most use of slings and arrows. The Nephite and Ohian armies were so similarly equipped that it would have been difficult for an observer of their battles to distinguish one from the other. (more comments on item #91) 92. Great destruction of property and towns, by fire. MS -- "As the Sciotans sallied out in parties to plunder & to ravage the country, these were pursued, overtaken or met by parties of the Kentucks" and "Whenever the Sciotans marched devestation attended their steps' (p. 97). They plundered and burned the city of Gamba, Kentuck['s] capital, "killing the inhabitants who had not made their escape & burning their houses" (p. 100). BM -- "But it came to pass that whatsoever lands we (the Nephites) had passed by . . . were destroyed by the Lamanites, and their towns, and villages, and cities were burned with fire . . ." (Mormon 5:5). Cf. also 3 Nephi 8:8; 3 Nephi 9:9; etc. Comment summary on item #92: *** In both accounts invading armies were sometimes faced with abandoned landscape from which the people had fled to find refuge in fortified positions. The invader's tactics and the results in both cases were identical and the phraseology used to describe there activities in the two records is almost the same. (more comments on item #92) 93. There was a tremendous slaughter. MS -- "The thirsty earth was overspread with the dead & dying bodies of thousands . . ." (p. 93). The slaughter was so "emence" that ten thousand men were employed from each army in burying the dead. (p. 95). Again: "The field was widely strewed, & in many places thickly covered with human bodies" (p. 96). BM -- Mormon reported: "Lamah had fallen with his ten thousand; and Gilgal had fallen with his ten thousand, and Limhah had fallen with his ten thousand; and Joeam had fallen with his ten thousand; and Camenihah, and Morinihah, and Antionum, and Shiblom, and Shem, and Josh, had fallen with their ten thousand each. And it came to pass that there were ten more who did fall by the sword, with their ten thousand each . . ." (Mormon 6:11-15). Ether recorded that Coriantumr "saw that there had been slain by the sword already nearly two million of his people" (Ether 15:2). And so on. Comment summary on item #93: **** Both accounts deplore the great and immense slaughters of the battlefield, and they both reserve a special concern for the massacre of defenseless wives and children by the enemy warriors. Such a bloody deed is considered "barbarous;" and is especially repugnant because it is carried out by people so closely related as to be called "brothers" and "cousins." The common phraseology used to describe massacres and slaughters in the two accounts is particularly extensive. (more comments on item #93) 94. Women and children included in the slaughter. MS -- The Sciotans massacred all the inhabitants of the city of Gamba (p. 102). Outside the city they, "without delaying their march by attacking any forts in their way, merely entered the villages, killing the inhabitants, who had not made their escape & burning their houses" (p. 100). "Wherever the Sciotans marched devestation attended their steps -- & all classes of people without distinction of age or sex, who fell into their hands became the victems of their infuriated malice" (p. 97). BM -- In the final struggle between the Lamanites and Nephites, slaughter and sacrifice of prisoners was practice. So great was the carnage among the Nephites that their leader, Mormon, laments: "O ye fair sons and daughters, ye fathers and mothers, ye husbands and wives, ye fair ones, how is it that ye could have fallen!" (Mormon 6:19). In the Jaredite war "so swift and speedy was the war that there was none left to bury the dead, but they did march forth from the shedding of blood, leaving the bodies of both men, women, and children strewed upon the face of the land, to become a prey to the worms of the flesh" (Ether 14:22). Comment summary on item #94: *** This is an inevitable story element in both works. Spalding had to account for the total extinction of his civilized, light-skinned "mound-builders" and the Book of Mormon had to show the fulfillment of the predicted Nephite extinction. There are some sub-parallels to be found here in the two accounts; they become rather pronounced when we look at the story details and the phraseology both use to tell of their respective women and children being massacred. (more comments on item #94) 95. They fought on a plain, overlooked by a hill. MS -- The great battle between the Kentucks and Sciotans was partly on the "great plain of Geheno" and the Sciotans pursued the Kentucks "to the hill which had been in the rear of the Kentucks" (p. 89, 94). BM -- Lib and Coriantumr fought on the "plains of Agosh" (Ether 14:16). Coriantumr challenged Shiz in the valley of Shurr [and] was near the hill Comnor (Ether 14:28). Comment summary on item #95: *** The final Nephite vs. Lamanite battle at Cumorah appears to have taken place on a plain overlooked by the hill. The brief, bloodless engagement between the troops of Kings Bombal and Hadokam was also conducted on "the flat or level land" between a hill and a river. In the great battle of Geheno the hill served as a place of refuge for the fleeing army of Kentuck. t Is not especially remarkable that battles also took place near hills in both accounts, but that commonality does make a solid textual parallel. (more comments on item #95) 96. They fought during the day and rested at night. MS -- 'the Sun did not tarry in his course but hid himself below the Horizon & darkness spread itself over the face of the earth -- The warriors with their spears in their hands extended themselves upon the earth, & spent the night in rest and sleep -- Next morning they arose with renovated vigor" (p. 94). BM -- "And it came to pass that they fought all day, and when the night came they slept upon their swords. And on the morrow they fought even until the night came" (Ether 15:20-21). Comment summary on item #96: ** While Bown's observation here may sound trivial, it may be that the two texts he cites are relating the fact that, at one point in their respective battling, soldiers in both accounts collapsed at the edge of the battlefield. There they apparently slept on the bare ground with their weapons at their sides, rather than retiring to their camps for the night. (more comments on item #96) 97. Similar strategy is described. MS -- At a critical stage in the war two Kentuck soldiers, Kelsock and Hamko, conceived the idea of entering the Sciotan camp unobserved at night when the soldiers were sleeping exhausted. In this they were successful, for "the Tomehauks and swords of these daring youth, soon caused hundreds to sleep in eternal slumbers" (p. 98). BM -- In an early battle between the Lamanites and Nephites a Nephite leader, Teancum, and his servant, stole into the camp of the Lamanites when "sleep had overpowered them because of their much fatigue," and killed the Lamanite king Amalickiah. (Cf. Alma 51:33-35). A variation occurs in the strategy of Moroni ordering his soldiers to scale the wall of the Lamanite city of Nephihah at night when all the occupants were asleep. Thus when the Lamanites awoke that morning they were quickly conquered, many killed, and others taken prisoners. (Cf. Alma 62:18-26). Comment summary on item #97: **** This is one of Bown's more important discoveries, but he has neglected to explore and document the complex elements of the parallel. Both works are replete with near-impossible troop movements, surprises, and stratagems. The night-time stratagem conducted against an unaware enemy is a favorite topic in both accounts. We can find a number of remarkable sub-parallels in the sets of night-time stratagems common to the two texts. This is particularly so when they speak of warriors stealing into enemy camps to kill their opponents unawares. (more comments on item #97) 98. They buried their dead in heaps and covered them. MS -- ". . . then digging into the ground about three feet deep & throwing the dirt around in a circular form upon the edge of the grave -- they then deposited the bodies in it, covering the ground over which they had dug with the bodies -- & then placing others upon them until the whole were deposited -- they then proceeded to thro' dirt upon them to raise over them a high mound" (p. 95). BM -- "Nevertheless, after many days their dead bodies were heaped up upon the face of the earth, and they were covered with a shallow covering" (Alma 16:11). Comment summary on item #98: **** It was Spalding's original intent to provide a story which explained the origin of the burial mounds, defensive earthworks, and ceremonial enclosures of the Ohio valley. He did this by describing both the Ohian fortifications and their mass-graves which were covered over to produce mounds. The Book of Mormon, like Spalding, provides descriptions of earthan fortifications and mass-graves covered over to produce mounds; but the accounts are minor additions to texts which clearly have other concerns than just explaining the constructions of the "mound-builders." (more comments on item #98) 99. Attributed their destruction to the judgment of God. MS -- At the end of the account of the achievements of the Sciotans and Kentucks appears the following: "But what avails all the wisdom, the art & the works of men -- what avails their valour, their strength & numbers when the Almighty is provoked to chastise them & to execute his vengeance in their overthrow & destruction" (p. 55). BM -- The Nephites were destroyed, so the Lord told Mormon, because: "Vengeance is mine, and I will repay; and because this people repented not after I had delivered them, behold, they shall be cut off from the face of the earth" (Mormon 3:15). "There were none of the fair sons and daughters upon the face of the whole earth who repented of their sins" among the Jaredites (Ether 13:17). The Lord said that if Coriantumr and his people did not repent, "otherwise they should be destroyed, and all his household save it were himself" (Ether 13:21). Comment summary on item #99: *** Spalding's "Almighty" God always stands behind the scenes, directing the performance of the characters in the romance. And yet, since Spalding did not believe in such a God, his attempts to attribute the outcome of story-plot elements to the will of "The Almighty" also come across as unbelievable. The Book of Mormon, in contrast, tells of a much more believable God. See my comments on Bown's item #89 for a some further discussion of these matters. (more comments on item #99) 100. Captured and domesticated fowls. 16 I have moved Bown's item #100 to a new place in the list, following his item #47. |
Commentary on M.D. Bown: [Index] [parallels 01-14] [parallels 15-24] [parallels 25-47] [parallels 48-59]
[parallels 60-78] < --- > [Bown's Notes] [Names Index] [Editorial & Bibliographic Info.]
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revision 0a: September, 1998